MODULE SUPPLEMENT: MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM
Introduction

The focus of this current module in the biology of aging series is on the musculo-skeletal system. However, as emphasized in the module focusing on changes in the neurologic system, the musculo-skeletal system is highly inter-related with the neurologic and endocrine systems making assessment of changes that occur and their clinical implications difficult to discuss in total isolation. We also now know that interventions can minimize the impact of age on the musculo-skeletal system and preserve function into advanced old age. With this in mind, the specific objectives for the current module are to:

1. Describe age related changes in muscle tissue and its innervation, and the impact of these changes on strength and function.
2. Delineate strategies to minimize or reverse age related decrements in muscle strength and function.
3. Describe changes that occur in the skeletal system with age and factors that influence these changes.
4. Describe how mechanisms underpinning the Free Radical and Maillard (glycosylation) theories of aging contribute to the age changes identified in the musculo-skeletal system.

After reviewing the modules on neurologic, muscle, endocrine, and skeletal changes with age, you should be able to evaluate their inter-relationships and overlapping impact on the functional status of older adults, and develop a plan of care when you review clinical cases.